HISTORY OF

SARATOGA COUNTY, NEW YORK.

by NATHANIEL BARTLETT SYLVESTER

1878

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HISTORY OF THE VILLAGES AND TOWNS OF SARATOGA COUNTY.

VILLAGE OF SARATOGA SPRINGS (Part 4).

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The following notes from the records of one of the school districts of the village will be of general interest. It is evident that in the commencement it was a citizens' movement, as the first building was to be erected by subscriptions; but a year later the general school system of the State was inaugurated, and the enterprise became the regular legal work of district 15. After the organization of the town of Saratoga Springs, in 1819, the same district became No. 1 in the new town.

A meeting of the inhabitants of the village of Congress Springs was held at the house of Moses Stickney, for the purpose of devising ways and means to carry into effect the building of a school-house in said village, on March 12, 1812. Of this meeting Frederick Ellsworth was chairman and D. Farlin secretary. It was resolved:

1^st. That said building be of the following dimensions, viz., thirty feet by twenty-six, with twelve feet post, and that it be erected on land belonging to Gideon Putnam, on the north side of Washington street, reserved by him for that purpose, and to be by him leased to the proprietors of said building for and during the term that it shall be occupied for the purpose above mentioned.

2^d. That the proposals of Jesse Morgan to build said house for the sum of $400, including painting, on a certain plan agreed upon at said meeting, be accepted.

3^d. That Gideon Putnam, Miles Beach, and Nathan Lewis be a committee for the purpose of directing and superintending the building of said house.

4^th. That the said sum of $400, to be raised and appropriated for the building of said house, be divided into eighty shares of $5 each, and these subscriptions be opened for taking up shares on the third day of March instant.

March 14, 1812, another meeting was held at the house of Moses Stickney; same officers. It was resolved:

1^st. That there be an addition of twenty shares at the aforesaid sum of $5 each, for the purpose of furnishing a bell and other necessaries for the convenience of said schoolhouse.

2^d. That an addition of $10 be allowed to the aforesaid Jesse Morgan, making $410 for building and completing said school-house.

The following is a list of the subscribers to this school fund, who agreed to pay one-fourth of the same when the building was completed: and the remaining three-fourths in six months from the completion thereof:

On May 11, 1813, a meeting was held at the house of Jotham Holmes, when Miles Beach and Nathan Lewis (the committee surviving) reported receipts and expenditures amounting to $450, which was received and audited.

A meeting of the inhabitants of Saratoga in school district No. 15 was held at the house of Jotham Holmes, on May 22, 1813, previous notice being given according to law. Jotham Holmes, chairman; Daniel D. Benedict, secretary. Nathan Lewis, Miles Beach, and Jotham Holmes were selected as trustees for the ensuing year in district No. 15, and Daniel D. Benedict secretary and collector.

Feb. 25, 1814, Jotham Holmes and Nathan Lewis, two of the trustees of school district No. 15, in the town of Saratoga, returned to Wallis Crawford the number of children in said district, to wit, seventy-eight.

May 13, 1814, annual meeting of inhabitants of village of Saratoga Springs, at the house of Jotham Holmes. Frederick Ellsworth, Cyrel Carpenter, and Solomon Spaulding were chosen trustees; Daniel D. Benedict, clerk; and Ellsworth to be collector of district No. 15.

May 2, 1815, a meeting was held at the school-house of district No. 15. Nathan Lewis, chairman. Dudley Farlin, Jotham Holmes, and Turner Peterson were elected trustees for the ensuing year; Joseph J. Katch, collector; and Daniel D. Benedict, clerk.

April 10, 1816, annual meeting was held of school district No. 15, at the house of Joshua Blivin. Esek Cowen, chairman. Ashbel Andrews, Daniel G. Garnsey, and Henry Stafford were elected trustees; Joshua Blivin, clerk; and Solomon Spaulding, collector.

Sept. 13, 1816, school meeting of district No. 15, held at the school-house. Ashbel Andrews, chairman; Joshua Blivin, secretary.

Sept. 27, 1816, a meeting of the inhabitants of school district No. 15, held at house of Joshua Blivin, in Saratoga Springs. A. Andrews, chairman; D.G. Garnsey, secretary. Gardner Bullard was appointed trustee to till the vacancy occasioned by the removal of Henry Stafford out of the district.

Saturday, Jan. 11, 1817. - Meeting of inhabitants of district No. 15, at house of Joshua Blivin. Nathan Lewis, chairman; Rockwell Putnam, secretary. Lewis Putnam was elected as a trustee to supply the place of Daniel G. Garnsey, removed from the district.

Tuesday, April 1, 1817. - Meeting of district No. 15, at Joshua Blivin's house. Ashbel Andrews, chairman. Trustees elected: Harman Hoffman, G.V. Schoonhoven, Nathan Lewis; Rockwell Putnam, clerk; Solomon Spaulding, collector.

Tuesday, April 7, 1818. - Held at house of James Doney. Nathan Lewis, chairman; D.D. Benedict, secretary. Trustees elected: Joel Clement, Joshua Porter, Wm. Waterbury; Solomon Spaulding, collector.

Meetings were held on Nov. 2 and 7, 1818, at which nothing important was done.

Thursday, Nov. 12, 1818. - Meeting at house of James Doney. John Bryan, Esq., chairman. Resolved, That the district be divided into two, which division the school commissioners sanctioned. Jotham Holmes was called to the chair, when it was resolved that Ferdinand Andrews be appointed trustee, in the room of William Waterbury, removed by the division of the district.

Jan. 18, 1819. - Meeting at house of James Doney. Nothing special.

April 15, 1819. - Meeting at house of James Doney. Gradus Van Schoonhoven, chairman; H.J. Betts, secretary. Trustees elected: Lewis Putnam, Frederick Ellsworth, James Doney; Rockwell Putnam, clerk; Solomon Spaulding, collector.

Wednesday, April 21, 1819. - Meeting at house of James Doney. Of no special importance.

April 6, 1820. - Annual meeting at house of James Doney. Ashbel Andrews, chairman; Rockwell Putnam, clerk. Following elected: Rockwell Putnam, James Doney, Harmon J. Betts, Benjamin Henshaw, trustees; Solomon Spaulding, collector. Officers chosen: Rockwell Putnam, clerk; James Doney, Harmon J. Betts, Benjamin Henshaw, trustees; Solomon Spaulding, collector.

Made a report to the commissioner of common schools of Saratoga:

Jan. 27, 1821. - Special meeting, of no importance.

Monday, May 17, 1821. - Meeting of school district No. 1, at house of James Doney. Ashbel Andrews, chairman; H.J. Betts, clerk. Trustees elected: Joel Sadler, Darius Wright, Smith Wheeler; Washington Putnam, clerk; Elijah W. Weed, collector.

Monday, Oct. 1, 1821. - Annual meeting of school district No. 1. Oliver Sheldon, chairman; W. Putnam, clerk. Trustees elected: Joel Sadler, John D. Mann, John Ford. Washington Putnam was duly elected clerk, and Elijah W. Weed, collector.

Feb. 12, 1822. - Special meeting of district No. 1, at the house of John Sadler. Daniel Benedict, moderator; W. Putnam, clerk. Esek Cowen was elected trustee in place of John Ford, resigned. Frederick Ellsworth, Esek Cowen, and Oliver Sheldon were selected as a committee to converse with the other districts relative to the establishment of a Lancasterian school.

Tuesday, March 12, 1822. - Adjourned meeting of distriet No. 1. Chairman, Frederick Ellsworth; W. Putnam, clerk. Resolved, That we are in favor of consolidating the districts.

Monday, Oct. 7, 1822. - Annual meeting of school district No. 1. Trustees elected: Joel Clement, William A. Langworthy, Daniel D. Benedict; Washington Putnam, clerk; Elijah W. Weed, collector.

Tuesday, Oct. 6, 1823. - Annual meeting of inhabitants of school district No 1. Joel Clement, chairman; W. Putnam, clerk. Trustees elected: Samuel H. Drake, Nehemiah Barlow, and Salmon Huling. Joshua Blivin was elected collector, and Lorin Putnam, clerk.

Saturday, Jan. 30, 1824. - Special meeting, district No. 1. Samuel Huling in chair; Lorin Putnam, clerk. Joshua Blivin was re-appointed collector. Dwight F. Lawton was duly elected trustee in place of Nehemiah Barlow.

Saturday, April 17, 1824. - Special meeting, of no importance.

Monday, Oct. 4, 1824. - Annual meeting of district No. 1. Trustees elected: Salmon Huling, Joseph Westcott, Ransom Cook; Clerk, Lorin Putnam; Collector, A.W. Lee.

Monday, Nov. 1, 1824. - Special meeting. No special importance.

Oct. 3, 1825. - Annual meeting of school district No. 1. Esek Cowen, chairman, and William A. Langworthy, sec. pro tem. Trustees elected: William A. Langworthy, Joel C. Clement, Joel Sadler; Clerk, Risley Taylor; Collector, Joshua Blivin.

Second Monday in October, 1826. - Trustees reported they had received $72.10, and expended $53.15. Trustees elected: John Ellsworth, Cyrel Carpenter, Oliver Perkins; Clerk, Risley Taylor; Collector, Philo R. Waterbury.

Jan. 8, 1827. - James Caldwell elected collector in place of P.R. Waterbury. Next trustees were Daniel D. Benedict, William A. Langworthy, David Cobb.

Oct. 6, 1828. - Trustees: Ransom Cook, W.A. Langworthy, Philo R. Waterbury.

March 16, 1829. - Trustees reported number of children taught in said district during said year, and since last report, was 118, and that the number of children residing in the district on Jan. 1, over five and under sixteen, were 104.

Oct. 5, 1829. - Trustees elected: Wm. A. Langworthy, Daniel D. Benedict, and Joel Clement. Number of children taught, 120. Number of children residing in said district, 113.

Oct. 4, 1830. - Trustees elected: W.A. Langworthy, R. Cook, J. Westcott. Number of children taught is 100. Number of children over five and under sixteen is 140.

Oct. 3, 1831. - Trustees elected: Willard Stratton, Runion Martin, and P.R. Waterbury.

Nov. 24, 1831. - Resolved, That this school-house be moved to R. Putnam's lot next north of James Caldwell's lot, No. 61; that trustees lease said lot at $14 per year, Samuel Huling to move the school-house and fit it up for $50.

Oct. 1, 1832. - Trustees elected: Daniel D. Benedict, Peter V. Wiggins, and Willard Stratton.

January, 1833. - Number of children residing in the district over five and under sixteen was 134, and number of children taught, 60.

Oct,. 1, 1833. - Trustees elected: Runion Martin, Peter N. Wiggins, and Beekman Huling. Number of children taught, 80. Number of resident children over five and under sixteen is 132.

Oct. 7, 1834. - Trustees elected: Benjamin H. Austin, Ransom Cook, and George W. Bailey. Number of children taught - . Number of children residing in district over five and under sixteen is 163.

Oct. 6, 1835. - Trustees elected: Cephas Parker, Philo R. Waterbury, and Warren R. Putnam. Number of children, 112. Number of resident children over five and under sixteen is 180.

Jan. 1, 1837. - Number of children taught in the district is 95. Number of children residing in said district over five and under sixteen is 159.

Jan. 1, 1838. - Number of children taught, 90. Number of children residing who are over five and under sixteen is 163.

Oct. 7, 1839. - Number of children taught, 125. Number of children residing in said district over five and under sixteen is 191.

Oct. 5, 1840. - Trustees elected: Ezra Hall, John A. Waterbury, Eri Benedict.

Jan. 1, 1841. - Number of children taught, 127. Number of children residing in district over five and under sixteen years is 214.

Oct. 4, 1841. - Trustees elected: Hiram H. Martin, William C. Owen, Charles Kendall.

Oct. 24, 1842. - Charles Kendall, Amasa Patrick, P.R. Waterbury.

March 2, 1843. - Question of consolidating the school districts into one discussed.

Oct. 2, 1843. - Trustees elected: Henry P. Hyde, R.S. Allen, H.H. Martin.

These records are those of school district No. 1 alone. We cannot obtain the records of the other district, which was No. 3, at the north end of the village, near High Rock. Until about 1845 there were only these two districts, but ultimately there were four, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 8. No. 8 was afterwards changed to No. 4.

The present system of public schools was organized under a special act of the Legislature, passed April 12, 1867. All school districts or parts of districts were consolidated into the "Union Free School District of Saratoga Springs." The board of education was constituted of nine members.

The law of 1867 named Oliver L. Barbour, Augustus Bockes, and John Shipman as trustees of the first class; Joseph A. Shoudy, Thomas Flanigan, and Aaron Hill, of the second class; and John Woodbridge, John Palmer, and Charles S. Lester, of the third class.

The name of Judge Bockes does not appear in the following list of the past members of the board, as taken from the report of the superintendent, March, 1878.

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PAST MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

Oliver L. Barbour, from April 12, 1867, to Oct. 24, 1868.

Aaron Hill; from April 12, 1867, to Oct. 25, 1869.

Charles S. Lester, from April 12, 1867, to Oct. 4, 1869.

John Palmer, from April 12, 1867, to March 8, 1869.

John Shipman, from April 12, 1867, to Oct. 24, 1868.

Joseph A. Shoudy, from April 12, 1867, to Oct. 17, 1868.

John Woodbridge, from April 12, 1867, to March 15, 1869.

Henry W. Merrill, from June 1 1868, to Oct. 20, 1868; and from Oct. 26, 1868, to Oct. 25, 1869.

Ransom Cook, from Oct. 13. 1868, to Oct. 22, 1869.

James L. Cramer, from Oct. 13, 1868, to Oct. 31, 1871.

H.H. Martin, from Oct. 13, 1868, to Oct. 31, 1871.

C.A. Russell, from March 22, 1869, to Oct. 25, 1869.

H.W. Burhans, from March 22, 1869, to Oct. 22, 1869.

Robert E. Morey, from Oct. 12, 1869. to Oct. 25, 1870.

Lewis E. Whiting, from Oct. 12, 1869, to Oct. 24, 1872.

Hiram A. Wilson, from Oct. 12, 1869, to Sept. 21, 1871.

A.B. Olmstead, from Oct. 26, 1869, to Oct. 25, 1870.

Paoli Durkee, from Oct. 11, 1870, to Oct. 27, 1873.

William C. Barrett, from Oct. 10, 1871, to Oct. 26, 1874.

William M. Searing, from Oct. 12, 1869, to Oct. 26, 1874.

George F. White, from Oct. 10, 1871, to Oct. 26, 1874.

John C. Hulbert, from Sept. 22, 1871. to Oct. 26, 1875.

John Smith, from Oct. 15, 1872, to Oct. 26, 1875.

Thomas Flanagan, from April 12, 1867, to Oct. 26, 1875.

A.A. Patterson, from Oct. 12, 1869, to Oct. 24, 1876.

John Foley, from Oct. 11, 1870, to Oct. 24, 1876.

Phineas F. Allen, from Oct. 12, 1873, to Oct. 24, 1876.

Charles H. Holden, from Oct. 13, 1874, to Oct. 24, 1877.

Lemuel B. Pike, from Oct. 13, 1874, to Oct. 24, 1877.

Hiram C. Tefft, from Oct. 13,1874, to Oct. 24, 1877.

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PRESIDENTS.

Charles S. Lester, from April 15, 1867, to October 4, 1869.

James L. Cramer, from October 7, 1869, to October 28, 1869.

Hiram A. Wilson, from October 28, 1869, to September 21, 1871.

Lewis E. Whiting, from September 21, 1871, to October 17, 1872.

Paoli Durkee, from October 24, 1872, to October 27, 1873.

George F. White, from November 10, 1873, to October 26, 1874.

John C. Hulbert, from October 28, 1874, to October 22, 1875.

Lemuel B. Pike, from October 22, 1875, to October 24, 1877.

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SECRETARIES.

James N. Crocker, from August 1, 1867, to February 1, 1869.

D.L. Rouse, from February 12, 1869, to September 6, 1869.

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PRESENT MEMBERS OF THE BOARD (JUNE, 1878).

E. Holmes, elected October 12, 1875.

John Shipman, sleeted October 12, 1875.

Charles H. Tefft, Jr., elected October 12, 1875.

Niles Granger, elected October 10, 1876.

Walker R. Johnson, elected October 10, 1876.

Deyoe Lohnas, elected October 10, 1876.

Seymour Ainsworth, elected October 9, 1877.

James McLaughlin, elected October 9, 1877.

I.Y. Ouderkirk, elected October 9, 1877.

President. - John Shipman, elected October 26, 1877.

Secretary. - L.S. Packard, elected August 13, 1869.

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SCHOOL-HOUSES.

The Union school occupies nine different buildings, situated and used as follows, viz.:

No. 1, Beekman Street. - A three-story brick building, with a tower in front, in which is a recitation-room for each floor.

The primary department occupies the first floor, and is taught by three female teachers. It has enrolled since September 1, 1877, one hundred and sixty-six scholars.

The junior department occupies the second floor, and is taught by two female teachers. It has enrolled since September 1, 1877, one hundred and six scholars.

The grammar department occupies the third floor, and is taught by one male and one female teacher. It has enrolled since September 1, 1877, one hundred and five scholars. The number of sittings in this house is, on the first floor, one hundred and fifty-two; on the second, one hundred and sixteen; and on the third, one hundred and eighteen.

No. 2, Matilda Street. - A one-story wooden building, designed for the primary and junior departments. It is in good condition for school purposes; pleasant for occupancy, and pleasantly situated on a fine large lot.

The junior department occupies the front room; is taught by one female teacher, and has enrolled since September 1, 1877, seventy-three scholars.

The primary department occupies the rear room; is taught by one female teacher, and has enrolled since September 1, 1877, eighty-three scholars. The number of sittings in this house is, in the primary room, seventy-two, and in the junior room, seventy-two.

No. 3, Catharine Street. - A two-story brick building, and occupied on the first floor by the primary department, and on the second floor by the grammar department. The building is in good condition, but badly located, on too narrow a lot.

The primary department is taught by two female teachers, and has enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, one hundred and forty-nine scholars.

The grammar department is taught by two teachers, one male and one female, and has enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, eighty-two scholars. This building long since became too small for the three departments located in it, and the overflow was, about two years since, placed in a small wooden building farther up on Catherine street, called The Chapel.

The junior department occupies this building; is taught by one female teacher, and has enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, sixty scholars. The number of sittings in this group of buildings is, in the primary room, one hundred and thirty; in the junior room, fifty-five, and in the grammar room, ninety. Further reference will be made to these buildings under another head.

No. 4, Spring Street. - A two-story brick house, designed for the primary, junior, and grammar departments.

The primary department occupies the first floor; is taught by four female teachers, and has enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, two hundred and forty-four scholars.

The junior department occupies the second floor, west room; is taught by two female teachers, and has enrolled since September 1, 1877, one hundred and twenty-four scholars.

The grammar department occupies the second floor, east room; is taught by two teachers, one male and one female, and has enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, eighty-five scholars. The number of sittings is, in the primary room, 240; in the junior room, including some in the hall used by this department, 118; and in the grammar room 96.

The building is apparently in the form of a cross; fifty by sixty-five feet, with two wings, each forty feet square. The whole length is one hundred and eighteen feet by sixty-five, greatest width; all given dimensions are inside measurements. It is two stories high; the first being fifteen and the second fourteen feet in clear measure. The first floor is divided into one large room forty by sixty-five feet, three large recitation-rooms, two large cloak-rooms, one dinner-room, and ample space-ways. The second floor is divided into two rooms, forty feet square, two large cloak-rooms, two teacher's rooms, two recitation-rooms, and large hall and stairways. There are two flights of stairs leading to the second floor, and two to the basement, which is eight feet deep, well lighted and warmed, and paved with brick. Two flights of stairs lead from the basement to the school-house yard. The walls are built of four courses of bricks, with an opening in the middle, and are plastered on the brick inside. The whole building is warmed by a steam-heating apparatus, which is located in the basement. The building is not plumbed, but is well supplied with water.

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COST.

School-house No. 5 is located on West Circular street. A one-story wood building of one room. The primary and junior departments nominally occupy this room together; are taught by one female teacher, and have enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, fifty-two scholars. The number of sittings is seventy-eight.

Schoolhouse No. 6 is located on Clinton street. A one-story brick building of one room. The primary department occupies this; is taught by one female teacher, and has enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, eighty scholars. The number of sittings is eighty.

School-house No. 7 is located on York avenue, and is exactly like its twin on Clinton street. Two female teachers are required for the primary department here. One hundred and twenty-two scholars have been enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, and the number of sittings is ninety.

The academic department is located on Lake avenue. A one-story brick building with one large room and three recitation-rooms. This department is taught by two female and one male teacher, and a part of each day by the superintendent. It has enrolled since Sept. 1, 1877, one hundred and seventeen scholars, and has sittings for one hundred and twenty.

Teachers. - L.S. Packard, superintendent.

Academic department: J.W. Whitney, master; Annie M. Spence, Margaret B. Agan, assistants.

Grammar department: H.H. Douglass, John Shipman, Jr., F.D. Wheeler, Jr., principals; Ida E. Hoyt, Mary P. Little, Frances A. Stewart, assistants.

Junior department: Lillian M. Duncan, Helene L. Emerson, Maggie C. Foley, Virginia H. King, Ellen A. Whitney, principals; Mella Mott, Flora N. Walls, assistants.

Primary department: Eva H. Brockway, Alice H. Burt, Maggie C. Foley, Lottie Hathaway, Susan C. Marvin, Lizzie Powers, Lillie Shipman, principals; Mary E. Fuller, Ellen E. Murphy, Julia A. Callahan, Jennie M. Carr, Louisa Holmes, Hattie E. Humphrey, Mary A. Morrell, assistants; Andrew Tromblee, teacher of music.

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FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

For the School Year, March 1, 1877, to March 1, 1878.

RECEIPTS.

DISBURSEMENTS.

Cost per capita of current expenses, everything included, except new buildings, is $11.97. In 1874, $13.46; 1875, $14.29; 1876, $13.11; 1877, $13.46; and 1878, $11.97.

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COMPARATIVE TABLE OF STATISTICS

Relative to the Union Free School, extending from 1872 to the Present Time, as shown by the Annual Report to the Board of Regents, September 1.

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SEMINARIES AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS.

Of the early schools of Saratoga Springs, Wm. L. Stone writes, in his interesting "Reminiscences," as follows: "The most prominent if not the only teacher of those days was Lawyer Blake, as he was called. He was a man of liberal education, and was the first to establish himself as a lawyer in the village. His success in his profession appears not to have been great, and he afterwards opened a school in the upper village. He died many years since at the Osborn House. Mr. Smith, commonly known as Deacon Smith, was a graduate of an eastern college, and taught off and on for a number of years. He was a man of great peculiarities and of great excellencies. Then came Mr. Marshall, - a Quaker, - the author of 'Marshall's Spelling-Book,' - a work much used in its day.

"After that, from year to year, school was taught in the 'old school-house' in Church street, just north of the old Presbyterian meeting-house, since known as the Commercial Hotel. This school-house was burned down long since, but there are many yet who have not forgotten it. Students from Union and other colleges would here try their skill as pedagogues till a wider field was opened to them. Neither would we fail to mention Miss Dolly Abel, who taught their 'A B C's' to generation after generation. She was emphatically the village school-mistress, - a woman of substantial excellence. Miss Pearce too was a veteran teacher, who began and finished her course in her own house in Federal street. Time would fail us to name the multitude of worthy persons who have begun and remained a longer or shorter time in this vocation. Rev. Mr. Duncan, Miss Day, Mrs. Streeter, Miss Ashman, and latterly, Miss Carrie Carpenter and Mrs. Frederick Root, both of whom have conducted a popular school successfully for many years."

Miss Martha Thompson, daughter of Dr. N. Thompson, opened a first-class school for young ladies in the north part of the village, following Miss Williams.

After the closing of the Wayland Seminary, a special account of which is added to this sketch, there were other schools, with reference to which we quote further from Mr. Stone:

"The first prominent school for boys was opened in 1836, by Mr. Elijah K. Bangs, in the old Methodist meeting-house, now the Broadway House, which he purchased and transformed into a building suitable for his purpose. He resided in the village until 1838, when he removed to Hempstead, Long Island, but returned in 1839, and continued to teach in Saratoga until the spring of 1845.

"In the spring of 1849 Mr. Paoli Durkee opened a classical school for boys, and continued to teach until the summer of 1858. On first coming to the village he taught in Washington Hall, since occupied by Mrs. Charles Mason and others, but at that time owned by the late Joel Root. Afterwards he purchased the lot adjoining the hall on the north, and erected on it a dwelling and a school-house, into the latter of which he removed his school in 1851. The school has educated many persons eminent in their several walks in life, having worthy representatives in the mechanical, mercantile, legal, medical, and military professions. Among the latter may he mentioned the late Lieutenant-Governor Morris, whose early death after he had made a brilliant record in the late civil war excited a poignant sorrow throughout a wide circle of friends.

"Mr. Durkee aimed to render study attractive by cheerful surroundings rather than by stern and harsh discipline. Many a delightful summer day has witnessed his entire school reclining on the mossy carpet of the woods in the rear of the school-house diligently conning their lessons.

"Rev. Mr. Proudfit succeeded Mr. Durkee; then Mr. Robb, now of Oswego. In the later years Rev. Mr. Crocker opened a private school."

To this account may be added a school for girls, taught for some years in what is now the Broadway House, by Miss Hannah Hodgman and Miss Nancy Hodgman, ladies of thorough education and literary culture.

Among the teachers of early times may still further be mentioned the names of some who taught in the old academy: Mr. Stephen T. Nott, Rev. Mr. Williams, Mr. Gregory, Mr. Mann.

In the way of select schools, as personal enterprises, may be named as having taught for longer or shorter periods, Miss Seekrider, Miss Ames, Mrs. Bird, Miss Eaton, Mrs. Streeter, Miss Day, Rev. Mr. Half. In later years Mrs. Dickenson, Miss Ashman, Miss Woodworth, Rev. Mr. Dunton, Misses Williams and Paul, Miss Thompson, Mrs. Root. Teachers of boys' schools wore Messrs. Proudfit and Robb, Professor Handock, Rev. Mr. Crocker, Mr. Ellinwood, Mr. Rouse, Mr. Johnson. At the present time (1878) Miss Spence has an interesting school for little folks in Circular street.

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THE MISSES WAYLAND'S SCHOOL.

The first boarding- and day-school for young ladies was opened by the Misses Wayland in 1831, on the south corner of Broadway and Washington streets. The site is now covered by the building of the Grand Union Hotel. The school-house on Washington street having undergone various changes, was in 1875 removed to Putnam street, in the rear of Congress Hall. It was a very simple and unpretending structure, but it was dear to many hearts on account of its cherished associations. Many matrons now presiding over households in all parts of the Union look back to school-days passed there with loving, glad remembrance. The number of pupils was always limited, a family school having been the ideal of the principals. To educate as well as to instruct was their purpose. The condition of the school was prosperous, and it was well sustained until its final close, which was occasioned by family changes.

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TEMPLE GROVE SEMINARY.

In 1854, Mr. Carter opened a school for young ladies, in a building now a part of Dr. Strong's establishment.

Soon after, Rev. Luther F. Beecher was associated with him, and in 1856 they built the institution at Temple Grove. It was conducted by Mr. Beecher until 1865, when it was sold to parties from New York for hotel and school purposes combined. Their undertaking was not successful.

The school was suspended for a year, and in 1868 the property was purchased by Rev. Charles F. Dowd. He made large additions to the building, supplied the entire institution with every needed facility, and made it a first-class ladies' seminary. In 1869 it was incorporated, becoming subject to the supervision of the regents of the university, and sharing in the distribution of the literature fund. The first board of trustees were: Rev. Charles F. Dowd, president; Rev. John Woodbridge, vice-president; Hon. Frederick A. Conkling, Rev. P.R. Day, Rev. L.M. Woodruff, Rev. John P. Gibson, Hon. Charles S. Lester, Alexander Cherry, Prof. Hiram A. Wilson, Charles N. Lockwood, and Paoli Durkee; Benjamin F. Bancroft, treasurer; Henry M. Dowd, secretary.

The school is now (June, 1878) in vigorous and successful operation, remaining under the charge of Mr. Dowd.

The present board of trustees are: Rev. Charles F. Dowd, A.M., president; Rev. Charles S. Lester, A.M., vice president; Hon. George S. Batcheller, A.M., Hon. Frederick A. Conkling, New York city, Rev. Peter Stryker, D.D., Rev. James N. Crocker, A.M., Hon. John C. Hulbert, Paoli Durkee, A.M., Henry M. Dowd, Alexander Cherry, and Hiram A. Wilson, A.M.; Benjamin F. Bancroft, treasurer; David F. Ritchie, secretary.

Principals. - Rev. Charles F. Dowd, A.M., Mrs. Harriet M. Dowd.

Instructors. - Scientific Department: Charles F. Dowd, A.M., Helen W. North, N. Amelia Dowd, Ellen R. Dowd.

Department of Music: Thomas P. Fenner, Florence M. Eddy.

Department of French and German: Mary C. Abbott.

Department of Painting and Drawing: Eleanor Merrill.

Grounds and Situation - The grounds are covered with a grove of native forest-trees, and are conveniently and tastefully laid out for recreative purposes. They occupy the whole square on Spring street, between Circular and Regent streets. The site is on a little elevation just east of the main street of the village, within ten minutes' walk of Washington spring on the south, and about the same distance from Empire spring on the north, with all the most celebrated springs lying between. From the seminary observatory the whole surrounding country, to a distance of over fifty miles, is brought into an unbroken view in every direction, except upon the northwest, where the view is intercepted by mountains a few miles distant.

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VIII. - SOCIETIES.

MASONIC.

Rising Sun Lodge, Saratoga Springs. - Rising Sun Lodge was first instituted in that section of the county known as Northumberland, and afterwards as the town of Wilton. The earliest reference to the order, from records that have been preserved, bears date on Oct. 4, 1808, and from minutes of a meeting held at that time Nicholas Angle was Worshipful Master of the lodge; Daniel Hicks, Senior Warden; and Jonas King, Junior Warden. The lodge, at the date referred to, must have been working under a dispensation, as the charter now in possession of the present lodge bears date on Sept. 6, 1809, with Nicholas Angle, Worshipful Master, Stephen King, Senior Warden, and Jared Palmer, Junior Warden.

The lodge continued in successful operation for some years after, when, in 1821, a series of unfortunate circumstances concurred making it necessary, in the opinion of the officers and brethren, that the lodge be removed from Wilton to the town of Saratoga Springs. Steps were taken to accomplish this desirable object, but it was not successfully brought before the Grand Lodge of the State of New York until May 25, 1824, a copy of the petition for that purpose being among the papers preserved, and the removal approved by the Grand Lodge June 5, 1824. Previous to this, however, meetings of the lodge were held in what was then called Drake's building, or the old Congress Hall, in 1823. The lodge was afterwards moved to the Columbian Hotel, on the corner of Lake avenue and Broadway, from there to the building owned by Robert Gardner, then to Dr. L.E. Whiting's building, afterwards to that owned by L.P. Close, and thence to the rooms now occupied, in what is known as Ainsworth place.

For six years after the removal from the town of Wilton to Saratoga Springs, Rising Sun Lodge continued in successful operation, but from that date (1830) until 1835 ceased to make use of its franchise from circumstances occurring at that period, which weakened the energies and impaired the usefulness of the institution of Freemasonry, and hence incurred forfeiture of its warrant. In succeeding years it was regularly revived, but incurred another forfeiture consequent upon inability to continue in thorough organization by removal of able and competent members from the vicinity. A dispensation was granted by the Grand Lodge to certain petitioners, Dec. 16, 1844, organizing a regular lodge of Master Masons, to be distinguished as Union Lodge, to be held in the village of Saratoga Springs, which was to continue in force until the 15^th day of May, 1845. On May 14, 1845, a petition was drawn up for presentation to the Grand Lodge of the State requesting the revival of Rising Sun Lodge; the prayer of the petitioners was granted, and in June, 1845, the lodge was revived and renumbered in the Grand Lodge as Rising Sun Lodge, No. 103, and has continued a successful and active body since its restoration. The charter members in the resuscitation of the lodge were G.M. Davison, Robert McDonnell, Alvah Marvin, Gardner Bullard, D.D. Benedict, Joseph White, and Joseph M. Wheeler. D.D. Benedict was elected first Worshipful Master on the reorganization of the lodge.

The following are the officers of Rising Sun Lodge for 1878-79: James Mingay, W.M.; E.A. Record, S.W.; Otis Peck, J.W.; C.H. Hulburt, Treas.; D. Eddy, Sec.; A.W. Shepherd, S.D.; J.M. Fryer, J.D.; C.H. Teft, S.S.; N. Clark, J.S.; Rev. J. Carey, Chaplain; J.H. Winder, Organist; E. Brackett, Marshal; C.W. Benedict, Tyler.

Rising Sun Chapter, No. 131, Royal Arch Masons, was instituted Feb. 2, 1847. The charter officers were: Joseph M. Wheeler, H.P.; D.D. Benedict, K.; Richard L. Allen, S. The officers for 1878 are: I.I. Bullard, H.P.; Otis Peck, K.; William Shoemaker, S.; J. Myers, C. of H.; L.R. Cushing, P.S.; W.A. Austin, R.A.C.; I.P. Howden, M. 3^d V.; C. Carpenter, M. 2^d V.; T.A. Record, M. 1^st V.; C.H. Cromwell, Treas.; W.H. Hull, Sec.; C.W. Benedict, Tyler.

Cryptic Council, No. 37, Royal and Select Masters, was instituted Feb. 1, 1870. The charter officers were C.H. Holden, T.I.M.; L.B. Putnam, R.I.D.M.; G.H. Gillis, I.P.C.W. The officers for 1878 are C.H. Sturges, T.I.M.; R.C. McEwen, R.I.D.M.; G.H. Gillis, I.P.C.W.; C.H. Holden, Treas.; L.R. Cushing, Rec.; C.M. Avery, C. of G.; James Mingay, C. of C.; C. Carpenter, Steward; C.W. Benedict, Sentinel.

Washington Commandery, No. 33, K.T. - Chancellor R. Walworth, a Knight Templar, and member of a commandery that was located at Plattsburg, N.Y., H.V. Sayles, a Sir Knight from a commandery at San Francisco, Cal., and C.H. Holden, a Sir Knight of Apollo Commandery, of Troy, N.Y., in 1862 held a meeting in what was then known as Marvin House row, and decided upon forming a commandery of Knights Templar in the village of Saratoga Springs. Apollo Commandery, of Troy, was the only one at that time in the vicinity, and there was no organization of the kind having jurisdiction throughout the northern portion of the State. In 1863, in acceptance of the decision of these Sir Knights, and in response to their proposition, the following Royal Arch Masons, George B. Fish, H.A. Van Dorn, L.B. Putnam, W.R. Winchell, T.G. Young, C.E. Durkee, C.H. Brown, Charles Carpenter, R.C. Blackhall, and F.T. Parkman, companions of Rising Sun Chapter, No. 131, of Saratoga Springs, proceeded to Troy, and the degrees of knighthood were conferred upon them by Apollo Commandery of that city. These, together with Sir Knights R. Walworth, H.V. Sayles, and C.H. Holden, were the charter members of the new commandery, and received a warrant empowering them to organize a commandery in the village of Saratoga Springs, to be known as Washington Commandery, No. 33. On Sept, 14, 1864, Right Eminent Orrin Welch, Grand Commander of the Grand Commandery of the State of New York, accompanied by the officers of that body, constituted the new organization, delivered to them their charter, and installed the officers. The ceremonies of the occasion were held at the lodge-room in what was then known as the Close building, on the site of the present Ainsworth building, opposite the United States Hotel. Since that date Washington Commandery, No. 33, K.T., has continued in active and successful operation, having, at the date of the report to the Grand Commandery in 1877, a membership of two hundred and fifty-four, and having knighted since its organization nearly three hundred and fifty members. Meetings of the commandery are now held in the lodge-room occupied by all the Masonic bodies, in the building known as Ainsworth place.

The following have been Eminent Commanders of Washington Commandery since its organization: 1863-66, Geo. B. Fish; 1866-73, Charles H. Holden; 1873-74, F.D. Wheeler, Jr.; 1874-75, G.H. Gillis; 1875-76, C.H. Sturges; 1876-77, J.L. Perry, Jr.; 1877-78, C.H. Holden; 1878, R. C. McEwen.

The following are the officers for 1878-79: R.C. McEwen, E.C.; H.C. Rowland, Gen.; O.M. Avery, C.G.; C.H. Sturges, Prelate; G.H. Gillis, S.W.; A. Tromblee, J.W.; L.R. Cushing, Recorder; H.W. Hays, Standard Bearer; W. Shoemaker, Sword Bearer; F.D. Wheeler: Jr., Warden; W.H. Vibbard, First Guard; J.M. Fryer, Second Guard; J. Myers, Third Guard; C.W. Benedict, Captain of Guard.

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INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD-FELLOWS.

Saratoga Lodge, No. 15, Saratoga Springs, is the oldest lodge in the district, being instituted Nov. 17, 1843. The present charter was granted Dec. 1, 1850. The first elected officers were as follows: C.W. Berlingame, N.G.; A.S. Piper, V.G.; C.N. Maynard, R.S.; O.T. Sparks, P.S.; A.R. Barrett, Treas.; F.T. Hill, A.S. Hays, and A.J. Holmes, trustees.

Its present officers are W.H. Baldwin, N.G.; C H. Sanborn, V.G.; A.J. Starr, R.S.; D.S. Latham, P.S.; and J. P. Scovell, Treas.; O. Conklin, H.H. Martin, Jr., and C.E. Weber, trustees.

The lodge is in a flourishing condition, and in the last report numbered sixty-eight members.

Grace Lodge, No. 413, Saratoga Springs, is an offspring of Saratoga Lodge, and was instituted Dec. 8, 1874, with twenty charter members.

The following were its first officers: A.M. Boyce, N.G.; J.F. Lamberton, V.G.; Wm. M. Searing, Jr., R.S.; B.J. Goldsmith, P.S.; C.D. Slocum, Treas.; John Van Rensselaer, W.F. Calkins, and B.J. Goldsmith, trustees.

Its present officers are Jas. H. Reagan, N.G.; John D. Crawford, V.G.; A.R. Walker, R.S.; John Burgey, P.S.; and C.D. Slocum, Treas.; B.J. Goldsmith, J.H. Reach, and C.D. Slocum, trustees.

This lodge is a very fine working lodge, and although not as strong in numbers as some in the district, ranks foremost in its manner of working. The last report shows a membership of forty-eight.

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TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES.

Saratoga Division, Sons of Temperance, was originally instituted during the period when the order was so generally organized throughout the State, 1842 to 1843. It existed for several years, and embodied the prominent working temperance men of the place. The "Sons" were the pioneers in the social secret temperance orders of the last thirty years. The books of this old Saratoga Division do not seem to be preserved.

Another division was organized in 1858, and the following were the officers chosen at that time, - there being a charter membership of twenty-seven: Dr. Hamilton, W.P.; R.O. Wood, W.A.; George Harvey, Treas.; Sylvester E. Strong, R.S.; O.M. Coleman, A.R.S.; E.L. Russell, C.; John H. Cozzens, A.C.; Ezra M. Baldwin, I.S.; John Soper, O.S.; Rev. S. McChesney, Chaplain.

Ten years later, 1868, the officers were Thomas Belden, W.P.; T.M. Ward, W.A.; Robert Ward, R.S.; C. Davison, F.S.; N. Bedortha, P.W.P.; C. Allen, W.C.; C. Morris, C.; J. Booth, A.C.; J. Gale, I.S.; B.F. Ward, O.S.; George Harvey, Treas.

A third division only had a brief existence, being dissolved after a few years.

Abraham Lincoln Division, Sons of Temperance. - This was an organization among the colored people of the town, and included their most active temperance and religious workers. It was sustained for only a brief period. In 1868 the officers were A.S. Freeman, W.P.; A. Bettison, W.A.; E. Freeman, R.S.; Miss M. Dubois, A.R.S.; Miss S. Stewart, F.S.; Rev. J.C. Gilbert, Chaplain; Mrs. J. Diefendorf, C.; Miss J. Bess, A.C.; Pero Rue, I.S.; Kane Howard, O.S.; Mrs. M.E. Hunter, Treas.

Mineral Springs Lodge, No. 359, I.O.G.T., was organized under a charter dated April 6, 1874. The first officers were George T. Holt, W.C.T.; Mrs. M.R. French, W.V.T.; M.M. Holmes, W.C.; J. D. Plummer, W.R.S.; Mrs. J. D. Plummer, W.A.S.; J.D. McNiel, W.F.S.; Miss L.M. Aldridge, W.T.; A.W. Parker, W.M.; Miss Carrie Huling, W.D.M.; N.P. McNiel, P.W.C.T.; John Deuel, L.D.

The lodge was organized in the old hall of the St. Nicholas building, and met there for a time. It removed in May, 1877, to the hall in the Ainsworth building, of which Peter B. Liker is proprietor.

The present officers (June, 1878) are the following: Charles H. Peck, W.C.T.; Miss Nellie Carney, W.V.T.; Miss Libbie Towns, W.C.; E.H. Getman, W.R.S.; Miss Susie Morris, W.A.S.; Miss Carrie Huling, W.F.S.; Miss ----- Trites, W.T.; Frederick Green, W.M.; Miss Addie M. Liker, W.I.G.; Edward Gibbs, W.O.G.; Miss Eva Swartfeger, W.R.H.S.; Miss Libbie Corps, W.L.H.S.; Peter B. Liker, P.W.C.T. and L.D.

There was a still earlier lodge of I.O.G.T. in Saratoga Springs, of which we have no account.

This temperance society imitated those of the older people by dissolving in a short time.

Saratoga Tent, No. 24, N. O. of I. R., was organized March 30, 1869. Among the officers first chosen were B.W. Amsden, C.R.; Benjamin Ward, P.C.R.; W.W. Baldwin, Shepherd; Thomas W. Ward, R.S.; W.H. Baldwin, Treasurer; C.E. Baldwin, Levite. The tent has sometimes numbered over one hundred members. Their hall was in the building that stood upon the site of the present Ainsworth block, where the society meet at the present time.

The officers now (June, 1878) are F.J. Dunham, P.C.R.; M.G. Lester, C.R.; W.A. Mills, D.R.; N.F. Annis, Shepherd; L.V. Hawley, R.S.; W.W. Baldwin, F.S.; T. Ledlie, Treas.; J.J. Masten, Levite; George Jessup, I.G.; E.A. Stevens, O.G.

Some years earlier than this organization there was a tent of the Independent Order of Rechabites. From this was subsequently formed No. 24, National Order of Independent Rechabites, as above stated, and the former tent not long after dissolved.

The Young Men's Catholic Temperance Union of Saratoga Springs was organized Jan. 1, 1875. The first officers were Rev. F.D. McGuire, president; M.T. McCormack, vice-president; E.F. Hiland, recording secretary; Thomas Maddens, financial secretary; James H. Fitz Patrick, treasurer; John H. Reynolds, Marshal; Wm. Finn, ensign; William Ahearn, sergeant-at-arms.

At first the society had a hall in the Morey block on Broadway. In 1876 they removed to a room in the town-hall, and in 1878 to their present place, Broadway, corner of Phila street. They maintain a fine room, supplied with newspapers, and a library where visitors are made welcome.

They have sometimes had a membership of two hundred. Like other societies of a similar character, their meetings are better attended in the winter, when members have more leisure than in the summer. Their present officers (June, 1878) are Rev. F.D. McGuire, spiritual director; M. McCloskey, president; M. Driscoll, vice-president; M.T. McCormack, recording secretary; Thomas F. Hays, financial secretary; John Kain, treasurer; Wm. Delaney, marshal; David Flynn, ensign; James Dwyer, sergeant-at-arms.

This society was preceded for some years by an organization known as St. Peter's Total Abstinence Benevolent Society. That was formed about the time of an important Catholic mission held at Saratoga Springs.

The Young Men's Christian Association of Saratoga Springs was organized in 1866. The presidents have bees as follows: H.A. Wilson, 1866; J.A. Shoudy, 1867; P.F. Allen, 1868; S.E. Bushnell, 1869; S.E. Strong, 1870; J.N. Crocker, 1871; J.E. King, 1872; D.F. Ritchie, 1873; L.S. Rowland, 1874; Paoli Durke, 1875; Fredk. B. Benton, 1876; H.C. Stryker, 1877.

The society maintained a suite of rooms in Patterson's block, at an expense of $500 a year, and afterwards in the town-hall at the same rate. For a short time before the dissolution of the association they were quartered in the St. Nicholas building. They had a free reading-room, well supplied with newspapers and with a well-selected library, numbering five hundred volumes, affording excellent privileges to those who frequented them. They maintained a daily prayer-meeting that was largely attended during the summer. Some work was also done in the way of religious meetings in different neighborhoods in the town. Their main work, however, was the valuable reading-room and the daily meeting. They also secured for the winter season courses of lectures, and some of the ablest speakers in the country occupied their platform. Sufficient interest was not, however, developed to continue the enterprise, and the association formally disbanded in the fall of 1877.

Some years earlier than the above society there was organized the Young Men's Association, of which Hon. J.B. McKean was president. Dr. Robert Hamilton was vice-president and chairman of the lecture committee. This continued for a year or two after the organization of the other society, and then dissolved.

The Women's Christian Temperance Union of Saratoga Springs was organized March 17, 1874. At the meeting called for the purpose there was a prompt response and an attendance of more than two hundred. Mrs. Henry B. Lawrence was chosen president, and Miss Sarah Davison, secretary. Two vice-presidents were elected, and an executive committee of thirty, consisting of the ladies from each of the churches in town. In the three months following the organization the town was mapped out into thirty districts, two ladies appointed for each, and a visitation was made, extending to every residence, store, hotel, saloon, and business place. Nine hundred names were secured to the pledge, and an effort made to prevent the granting of licenses by the excise board. Ministers, leading citizens, and ladies with numerous petitions were heard, and then the board went into secret session and granted the usual number. The Union inaugurated a Sunday afternoon meeting, which has been continued to the present time without a single intermission. Also Thursday afternoons. Boys' meetings were held, - out-door mass-meetings, - temperance literature distributed, and pledges taken.

A very noted occasion was the mass-meeting in July, 1875, when an address was delivered by the Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, who was followed by Hon. Henry Wilson, vice-president of the United States. It was his last public address in behalf of temperance. He said, "No other inducement could have led me to speak upon this platform tonight than this, that the meeting is under the auspices of a noble band of Christian women who are doing their best to rid this place of the terrible evil of intemperance."

The present officers (June, 1878) are:

President. - Mrs. M.L. Durand.

Vice Presidents. - Mrs. Crosby, Mrs. Pond, Mrs. Frasier, Mrs. Stryker.

Corresponding Secretary. - Mrs. Bunce.

Recording Secretary. - Miss Angulo.

Treasurer. - Mrs. Harrington.

The Saratoga Temperance Reform Club, under the labors of J.E. Risley, of Providence, R.I., was organized March 13, 1877, and commenced its work during that year.

President. - Rev. Peter Stryker.

1^st Vice-President. - Fred A. Johnson.

2^d Vice-President. - Rev. William R. Terrett.

Secretary. - Edward D. Selden.

Treasurer. - Warren C. Fish.

Financial Secretary. - Orville C. Elms.

The club hold regular meetings every Monday evening, at their rooms in the town-hall. They are now securing a supply of newspapers, and the commencement of a library, the privileges of which are free to visitors.

High Rock Spring Lodge, No. 58, of the Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria, deriving its authority from the Grand Lodge, East Division of New York, was organized April 10, 1877, with twenty-three members. The meeting was held in the hall of the St. Nicholas building, and the initiating officer was Rev. Wm. Sanford. The first officers were C.V. Moore. W.C.; C. Rue, P.D.; C. Howard, W.V.; M.E. Wicks, D.F.; R. Bowden, W.P.; Ellen Van Schaick, D.L.; I. Kelly, W.R.S.; C. Hill, D.R.; J.W. Vandyke, W.F.S.; Mary Williams, D.F.; J. Hill, W.T.; H. A. Ostrander, D.T.; A. Jackson, W. Con.; S. Williams, D. Con.; A. Miller, J.S.; Julia Bowden, D.K.; C. Morris, O.S.; E. Webb, D.P.; Wm. Sanford, W.P.C.; L. Moore, P.P.D. The object of the society is to promote the principles of temperance, to afford mutual relief in sickness, and to bury the dead. At the present time (June, 1878) C. Howard is the presiding officer, and Rev. Wm. Sanford recording secretary.

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KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.

Empire Lodge, No. 74, was organized Feb. 28, 1872, with the following officers:

N. Waterbury, C.C.; B.M. Searing, V.C.; Jesse Mains, M. at A.; G.W. Zahm, I.G.; Wm. Graham, O.G.; Henry Marshall, K. of R. and S.; Thomas Valentine, M. of F.; William Calkins, M. of E.; Charles Sanborn, P.; F.W. Horton, P.C. The lodge meets every Tuesday evening at Castle Hall, Broadway. The present officers (June, 1878) are Frank Ames, C.C.; Frank Robbins, V.C.; George Sigsby, M. at A.; George Jordan, I.G.; Joseph Morris: O.G.; R.C. Baker, K. of R. and S.; Oscar Cook, M. of F.; George Sanborn, M. of E.; Robert Ramsey, P.; W.P. Carpenter, P.C.

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GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC.

Post 92 was organized October 11, 1877. The charter members numbered seventeen. Within a year they have increased to seventy. The post meets the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month. The following officers were installed at the time of organization by Post-Commander Harris, of Ballston Spa:

Post Commander. - E. T. Woodward.

Senior Vice-Commander. - W. J. Riggs.

Junior Vice-Commander. - George H. Gillis.

Quartermaster. - John D. Crawford.

Chaplain. - D.F. Ritchie.

Officer of the Day. - John E.L. Deuel.

Officers of the Guard. - A. C. Butterfield.

Adjutant. - P. McDonald.

Quartermaster Sergeant. - J. E. Brainard.

Sergeant-Major. - O.M. Coleman.

Delegate to the State Encampment. - B. F. Judson; Alternate, J. J. Hyde.

Perhaps there is no order that equals this in the amount of its charities, there having been donated $70,000 by the posts throughout the State during the last year.

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ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN.

The first lodge of this order was organized in the county March 9, 1878, at Saratoga Springs, by J.F. Lamberton, county deputy. It is known as Putnam Lodge, No. 134, A.O.U.W. The officers are J.F. Lamberton, P.M.W.; Robert A. Hemingway, M.W.; L.H. Cramer, G.F.; J. P. Haskins, O.; Lawrence F. Crosby, Recorder; George S. Stoddard, F.; C.D. Slocum, Receiver; Dr. W.H. Hall, M.E.; James H. Reagan, G.; S.H. Myers, J.W.; A. R. Walker, O.W.; Bomey Smith, B.J. Goldsmith, W.H. Hall, Trustees. Other charter members were Simeon Brown, Frank Lee, B.H. Searing, J.S. Fasset, Z.C. Shonts. The lodge starts with exceedingly fair prospects. One other already exists at Ballston Spa, and others are just organized at Greenfield and Schuylerville.

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THE SARATOGA MUSICAL ASSOCIATION

was first organized in February, 1869, with Samuel E. Bushnell, president; Lorin B. Putnam, secretary; Stephen H. Richards, treasurer; Dr. C.F. Rich, musical director; John A. Waterbury, organist; and a board of managers, consisting of the officers and Dr. L.E. Whiting, W.B. French, B.F. Edwards, C.W. Sterling, E. Holmes, and W.H. Gibbs. Organized for the advancement of music, the association for about eight years was in a flourishing condition, and without doubt exercised during that time a great influence among the musical people. For many years it occupied the rooms of the Y.M.C.A. in the town-hall.

The first grand concert was given on April 11, 1870. The first grand musical convention was held in February, 1872, with Prof. L.O. Emerson as musical director. Meeting with great success and encouragement, the association decided to hold conventions yearly, and to give them greater attraction musical talent from Boston was engaged. The Temple Quartette, the Mendelssohn Quintette Club, Mrs. Carter, Mrs. Spring, and Mr. J.P. Cobb, assisted at various times, and gave great satisfaction. Convention week became a feature in Saratoga during the winter, and always brought in a large number of singers from surrounding villages. Owing to the hard times, the association was obliged to disband in 1877, but there is a prospect of its being revived within a short time. The officers of the association during the last year were:

President. - E. Holmes.

Vice-President. - Prof. J. Winder.

Secretary and Treasurer. - E. R. Stevens.

Board of Managers. - E. Holmes, Prof. Winder, E.R. Stevens, C.W. Fuller, Rodney Churchill, J.H. Dineen, R.A. Heminway, J.H. Pardue, Dr. C.F. Rich, Dr. R.C. McEwen, L.B. Putnam.

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IX. - BANKS AND GAS COMPANY.

FIRST NATIONAL BANK.

The first bank at Saratoga Springs was started in 1848. Its organization was under the general act of the Legislature of thc State, passed in 1838, and known as the general banking law, and amended in 1844, making provision for organizing of private banks, with a capital of not less than $50,000. The projectors and owners of this institution were Judge Thomas J. Marvin and James M. Marvin, of Saratoga Springs, and Rufus H. King and J.B. Plumb, of the city of Albany. The nominal capital was $60,000, and the first officers were Thomas J. Marvin, president, and James M. Marvin, cashier. The office of the bank was on the second floor of the old insurance building, which stood at the southeast corner of the United States Hotel property, on Broadway. Soon after opening their institution, the owners discovered that the proper management of its officers required the employment of some regularly educated banker to conduct the details of the business, and John S. Leake, then of the New York State Bank, Albany, was appointed the cashier. In 1852 the business of the village had increased so much that additional banking facilities were found necessary, and it was decided to increase the capital to $100,000, by opening their books for subscription to the stock, and to change the organization into an "associate bank," under the then existing laws of the State. The first officers were J. Beekman Finlay, president, and J.S. Leake, cashier, Mr. Finlay continued in office until 1856, when Dr. Samuel Freeman was elected in his place, who held the office until the time of his death, in 1870.

The national bank law having been passed June 3, 1864, and by its provisions prohibiting State banks from issuing bills (or rather taxing them so exorbitantly upon their circulating notes that it amounted to a prohibition), which, together with the well-remembered loyalty and patriotism of the then presiding officer, Dr. Freeman, the bank dissolved its connection with the banking laws of the State of New York, and reorganized under the general act of Congress of the United States.

On the death of Dr. Freeman, Jas. M. Marvin was elected president, and has continued in office up to this time. Mr. J.S. Leake has held the office of cashier from the time of his first connection with the old bank.

Since the commencement of business of this corporation, in 1852, twenty-six years ago, it has paid to its stockholders, in dividends, $227,000, or $45,000, over seven per cent., per annum upon their investment. The present board of directors are Jas. M. Marvin, J.S. Leake, Robt. McDonnell, Jas. Baucus, Jas. C. Hulbert, Jas. R. Chapman, A.S. Hays, J.H. Farrington, Jas. Woodbridge, N.D. Morehouse, and C.H. Hulbert.

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THE COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK.

This reliable monetary institution is located on the corner of Broadway and Phila street. It does a regular banking business, and deals in municipal and government bonds. Its business is managed by the following able corps of officials: John T. Carr, president; Joseph G. Cooke, vice-president; S.H. Richards, cashier; Directors, Chas. S. Lester, Jno. T. Carr, Joseph G. Cooke, Henry B. Hanson, Walter J. Hendrick, Jared Ingersoll, Alexander Cherry, Stephen H. Richards, Taber B. Reynolds, and John T. Daniels. These gentlemen are all well-known, enterprising, and esteemed citizens of Saratoga. This bank has a large capital, and has an enviable reputation for soundness and honorable dealing.

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UNION SAVINGS BANK.

Union Savings Bank of Saratoga Springs was chartered by special act of Legislature of New York, passed March 28, 1873. Charles S. Lester, James M. Marvin, J.C. Hulbert, J.S. Leake, W. J. Hendrick, S.H. Richards, W. Bennett, C. Sheehan, and S. Ainsworth were named in the act as incorporators, and were the first trustees. J.S. Leake was chosen president, and S.H. Richards, secretary and treasurer. The bank commenced business April 1, 1873. Deposits were received at the First National and Commercial National Banks.

Upon the resignation of S.H. Richards from the office of treasurer and trustee, April 16, 1874, Charles H. Hulbert was elected to the vacancy. On June 1, 1874, the business was removed temporarily to Perry's building, west side of Broadway, and on July 1, 1875, permanently removed to rooms very handsomely fitted up for their use at the south end of the United States Hotel. On Nov. 7 of that year John Woodbridge and Nelson D. Morehouse were elected trustees, in place of C. Sheehan and Seymour Ainsworth resigned, and T.B. Reynolds, H.B. Hanson, C.E. Leland, and Hiram Palmer were elected trustees to conform to the general savings bank act passed May 17: making the number of trustees thirteen.

The present trustees and officers are as follows: Charles S. Lester, John S. Leake, Walter J. Hendrick, Charles E. Leland, Hiram Palmer, Nelson D. Morehouse, James M. Marvin, John C. Hulbert, William Bennett, Henry B. Hanson, John Woodbridge, Taber B. Reynolds, Charles H. Hulbert; John S. Leake, president; Charles H. Hulbert, secretary and treasurer.

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SARATOGA GAS COMPANY.

The Saratoga Gaslight Company was organized in 1854, having the following-named officers, with a capital of $75,000: L.H. Tupper, J.M. Corliss, T.M. Lockwood, S.S. Dauchy, John S. Manning, S.G. Clements, R.D. Bardwell. In 1876 the company was reorganized, with a capital of $40,000, having the following-named officers: William Bennett, James R. Chapman, Charles H. Holden It has about eight miles of mains, and is considered in point of buildings and equipment superior to any gasworks in the country of its size.

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X. - PROTECTION FROM FIRE.

There appear to be no records extant of the earlier fire companies. The first arrangement was the simple appointment of fire-wardens, and the requiring each store, business place, and residence to have one or more buckets in readiness for instant use. In case of fire, lines of citizens were formed, one to pass full buckets from the reservoir, and another to return them empty. The next step of advanced protection was the formation of fire companies and the purchase of old-fashioned hand fire-engines. These were supplemented by a hook-and-ladder company, and in later years by the steam fire-engines of modern times. We add the following brief statement of the fire department and the officers for 1877:

Wm. B. White Engine Company, No. 1, - President, Thomas Flanigan; Vice-President, James McLaughlin; Foreman, Robert Swanick; Assistant Foreman, Jacob Haas; Secretary, David Quinlan; Treasurer, John Cothrel; Engineer, Lawrence Coon.

Hathorn Hose Company, No. 2, - President, J.W. Dane; Vice-President, George A. Seaner; Foreman, F.M. Boyce; Assistant, William Connelly; Secretary, John Ernst; Treasurer, Henry Eaton.

C. E. Durkee Steamer Company, No. 3, - President, Wm. Shoemaker; Vice-President, Elisha Isbell; Foreman, C. E. Durkee; Assistant, Thomas Nevins; Treasurer, C.M. Avery; Secretary, Frank A. Phillips; Engineer, John T. Mains.

C.E. Leland Hook-and-Ladder Company, No. 1, - President, D.W. Eddy; Vice-President, W. Gailor; Secretary, J. H. Simmonds; Foreman, W.S. Snyder; First Assistant, J. Ayer; Second Assistant, C.H. Van Dorn; Third Assistant, T. Robbins; Treasurer, F. Wells.

Morrissey Hose Company, No. 4, - J. Lynch, president; J. Gaffney, vice-president; J. Reynolds, foreman.

Knickerbocker Hose Company, No. 5, - J.S. Ingram, president; D. Allen, vice-president; J.N. Wonhart, foreman; M.S. Cummings, assistant foreman.

Exempt Steamer, No. 2, - President, J. Manuel; Vice-President, H. Getty; Secretary, James Fitzpatrick, Treasurer, James Brean; Foreman, John H. Dinnen; Assistant-Foreman, Patrick H. Hulahan.

S.H. Richards Hose Company, .No. 3, - President, B.H. Searing; Vice-President, C.W. Plowman; Secretary, F.M. Jenkins; Foreman, J.H. Darrow; Assistant-Foreman, W.L. Graham.

Boyce Protectives, - President, J. Merris; Vice-President, W. Fenton; Treasurer, T.H. Chase; Foreman, C.O. Salsbury; Assistant-Foreman, J. Fenton.

Walter B. Hendricks states that the first engine was bought in 1826 or 1827. The first hook-and-ladder company was formed about 1838, and Ransom Cook was foreman.

The C.E. Durkee Company was formed about 1848. Mr. Durkee, for whom it is named, has been foreman since 1862. J.J. Hyde has remained in connection with it since 1859, and has been chief engineer of the fire department one or more terms.

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XI. - CEMETERIES.

In connection with Saratoga Springs, as a village, there are five cemeteries.

1. The old Sadler burial-place, on the hill in the northeast part of the village. This is now (June, 1878) a desolate place. The monuments are nearly all removed. At the grave from which the remains of the grandfather of President Hayes were taken in 1877 may still be seen the original stone bearing the inscription, "In memory of Roger Birchard, of Wilmington, Vt., who died August 22, 1805, in the forty-eighth year of his age."

This yard is now abandoned, and, under a contract by the trustees of the village, the remains are being removed to the new cemetery on the Waring farm. It seems a desecration of the sacred resting-place of the dead. Here came the earliest funeral processions of Saratoga Springs, bearing their loved ones to burial. From this level summit there swelled up to heaven the notes of the funeral hymn and the words of Christian hope. "I am the resurrection and the life" fell upon the hearts of mourning families with the same divine power a hundred years ago as now. Among the upturned hillocks, mingled with the wild shrubs struggling for life in the midst of death, are still growing bunches of "everlasting," and flowers still bloom in this neglected spot, planted long ago by loving hands.

There seems to be no record of the earliest burial at Sadler's. William L. Stone, in "Reminiscences," gives several names and inscriptions, and we infer they were the earliest dates to be obtained. Those mentioned by him are "Constant Jameson, 1792;" "Justus Jameson, 1804;" "Patience Jenkins, 1805;" "Increase Matthews, 1790;" "Blumy, daughter of Jotham Holmes, July 3, 1796;" "Eli Taylor, Sept. 14, 1797, aged sixty-four years two months and twenty days;" '; Martha, wife of Richard Flagler, April 10, 1792, aged twenty-six;" "Fenn Wadsworth, died June 21, 1785." We add, also, Alexander Thomas, of Walpole, Vt., died July 2, 1809, aged thirty-five;" "Abel Brown, Aug. 31, 1810, aged thirty-four;" "Joanna E., daughter of Alexander Stimson, died Nov. 8, 1805, aged three."

Mr. Stone alludes then (1874) to the rumored intended removal of the remains from this place in the following earnest words: "Old grave-yards ought to be venerated as holy ground. Men should no more consent to such changes than-they would consent to sell the bones of their own fathers and mothers for knife-handles. If it is thought best to have no more grave-yards within corporate limits, well and good; but let those which are there stand as a memorial to the old and good men who sleep beneath. Let them sleep. There is no excuse for the removal, and no palliation of the offense against propriety. If necessary, prohibit any further burials, but let not a spadeful of the dust of the fathers be sold for gold."

His fears have been realised. Thc removal is going on; the work of destruction is nearly complete, though many of the remains will probably never be found. The present season (1878) will witness the last of the Sadler cemetery. Will the "village fathers" or the new proprietors spare even the two old pines that still stand, silent witnesses of the earlier and the later years; of the burial and of the removal?

2. The Putnam Burial Place. - At this ground we pause to note the gratifying fact that the work of selling graveyards in Saratoga has evidently come to an end. This place, in which so many of the prominent early families were buried, and around which so many early memories cluster, has recently been protected by a plain strong fence. To the onward march of commercial greed, to the demands of gain, the town authorities have said, "Thus far, - no farther."

Situated near the railroad, in the heart of the village, it may seem to some as an unsightly affair that ought to be removed. A few years' protection and care will, however, easily give to it a beautiful and neat appearance, and the hallowed associations of the past will render it a precious spot to the families whose ancestors slumber there.

Of this burial-place the same writer before quoted says, "This piece of ground was given to the village in 1810 by Gideon Putnam, and in it many of the 'forefathers of the hamlet' slept until, in recent years, they were removed by their relatives to the present Green Ridge cemetery. Still a number of the original settlers yet remain where they were originally laid to rest. Here is Dr. Clark, and here, too, lie a part of the family of Nathan Lewis, who built the second brick house ever erected in the village."

There are several fine monuments in this inclosure. The place already begins to put on a new appearance, thoroughly protected as it is from intrusion. It is a fair specimen of what ought to have been done with all the old cemeteries of the county, - inclose them - save them; let nature cast upon the graves its annual wealth of flowers and foliage; let even the wild shrubs supplant the roses trained by hands long since themselves folded for the rest of the grave, but spare the graves themselves.

3. Green Ridge Cemetery. - This was established thirty-eight years ago, and along its crowded avenues are the dead of more than a generation. The earliest burials were those of remains transferred from other grounds. The first regular interment was that of Wm. L. Stone, who died Aug. 15, 1844; this distinguished author having resided for many years at Saratoga Springs. His father was a Congregational minister, and in his old age lived in Sodus, Wayne Co., N.Y. The writer of this paragraph remembers his venerable form standing in the old church, close up to the minister, to catch the words of life and immortality. He was a sturdy Puritan, and brought to Sodus neither ritualism nor democracy. An enthusiastic politician having offered him on one occasion a Democratic vote, he took it in his trembling hand; but at the polls he thrust out the other hand, stout and strong, saying, "Here, gentlemen, is a good, solid Whig vote." Wm. L. Stone, Sr., was often in Sodus, and in 1843, the year before he died, the writer remembers seeing him seated in the hotel there reading the Liverpool Times.

Few cemeteries connected with places similar to Saratoga Springs contain the remains of so many illustrious dead as Green Ridge. A catalogue of the inscriptions would itself be history. There would be found the names of poets and statesmen, of jurists, philanthropists, and representative business men. Here are Cowen and Willard and Walworth, skilled in legal lore, and Margaret and Lucretia Davidson, those gifted children of song. Here are gathered thickly the old standard names of Saratoga Springs, Putnam, Walton, Bryan, Beach, Westcott, North, Doe, Warren, Stevens, Rue, Griswold, Wayland, and a host of others.

The burials in this cemetery have been nearly three thousand, though this is probably an estimate rather than a known fact. How simple and easy an affair for every cemetery to have a record showing the name and date of every burial, and yet how few can be found thus written up! Jonathan Hammond has been the superintendent for many years, and to him as well as other village officers are the people greatly indebted for the orderly arrangement and for the beauty of the place.

4. The Catholic Cemetery. - This is located southwest of the village, not far from the glass manufactories. It is a new enterprise, having been laid out only twelve or fifteen years. Previous to this the Catholics had buried in Green Ridge cemetery, an entire acre having been bought by them at the time the cemetery was established. The new grounds are nearly level, and are finely laid out. The shrubbery already planted, and the ornamentation of the lots, give promise of the quiet beauty appropriate to the resting-place of the dead. There are some fine monuments erected in this inclosure, and the story of Christian hope is eloquently told by the symbol of the cross upon every grave, whether carved in marble upon the graves of wealth or the simple wooden crucifix of the poor. One stone, at a soldier's grave, attracts the passing stranger:

"James Deneffe, 77^th Regt., Co. A, died Sept. 30, 1863; erected by his sister. May his soul rest in peace."

5. Kayadrossera Cemetery. - This is the new one located on the Waring farm, west of the village, Removals have been made from the old Sadler's ground to this. Avenues have been graded, laid out in beautiful winding curves. A pedestal is laid for a central monument. Shrubbery and trees have been planted, and considerable general progress made in establishing a cemetery of such an extent as will be ample for the necessities of a long series of years to come. Delayed by legal difficulties, work is at present suspended.

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X. - WATER SUPPLY.

The earliest successful attempt to supply water by means of works and conduits to the village of Saratoga Springs was made in 1832, by Dr. John Clark. Dr. Clark erected a tower about fifty feet high in what is now Congress Springs park. By means of pumps he raised the water through pipes to the top of this tower, where it entered a reservoir, or basin, prepared for it there, and from thence passed down other pipes into wooden pipes, or water-logs, made of pine, having a two-inch bore, which were laid throughout the village. This system of water supply continued until the growth of the place demanded still larger supplies.

In 1847 a large reservoir was built at Greenfield, about two miles from the village of Saratoga Springs. Iron pipes lined with cement were connected with this, and the village thus supplied with water. But the supply from this source likewise proved inadequate. At certain seasons of the year the supply was almost exhausted, and in times of fire the deficiency in supply was especially noticeable. The necessity for other and fuller supplies became so important a subject, that various devices and plans were suggested to remedy the difficulty. Among other things a second, or supplemental reservoir, was located between the main one and the village, being designed especially in the event of fire, but this experiment was unsuccessful.

In 1866 an act of the Legislature amending the charter of Saratoga Springs was passed, which also had reference to the establishment of competent water facilities for the village of Saratoga Springs. In 1868 an act amendatory of the act of 1866 was passed. By this act three commissioners of construction, to be chosen and appointed by a majority of the six trustees of the village, were empowered to make examinations and determine on the best mode of obtaining a supply of water, subject to the direction and control of the trustees; to cause the necessary surveys, estimates, and levels to be taken for that purpose, and to enter upon and take possession of any lands, springs, streams, brooks, lakes, and sources of supply of water for that purpose, first paying the owners all reasonable damages therefor. They were further authorized to make contracts for the purchase of suitable machinery, and for the erection of dams, buildings, and other structures necessary to the construction, putting in order, and completing said works. The trustees were authorized by this act to issue thirty-year seven per cent. bonds to the amount of $100,000.

On April 21, 1869, a further amendment to the acts of 1866 and 1868 was passed for the same purpose. By section 3 of said act, Henry H. Hathorn, Charles H. Holden, Cornelius A. Russell, Cornelius Sheehan, and Charles H. Ballard were appointed commissioners of construction, with powers and duties similar to those provided for by the act of 1868.

On February 26, 1870, an act amendatory of the previous acts relating to water supply was passed, under and by which James M. Marvin, Henry H. Hathorn, Cornelius A. Russell, Charles H. Holden, Cornelius Sheehan, Walter J. Hendrick, William Bennett, Joseph D. Briggs, Charles H. Ballard, John W. Crane, Oliver L. Barbour, Richard L. Allen, Daniel O'Goerman, Myron N. Babcock, and Hiram C. Tefft were appointed commissioners of construction, with powers and duties as theretofore exercised and performed.

On March 28, 1871, an act was passed authorizing the trustees of the village to issue bonds, in the manner specified in section 1 of the act of 1868, to the amount of $100,000.

On May 17, 1872, an act was passed appointing James M. Marvin, William Bennett, Henry B. Hanson, John W. Crane, and James H. Wright water commissioners for the village of Saratoga Springs, setting forth at length the duties of said board, and authorizing the issue of further bonds of the village, to the extent of $50,000, for extending and completing the new water-works at Loughberry lake. By the same act James M. Marvin, Henry H. Hathorn, Cornelius Sheehan, John W. Crane, William Bennett, Charles H. Holden, Charles H. Ballard, Walter J. Hendrick, and Oliver L. Barbour were continued in office as commissioners of construction until Sept. 1, 1872. Since that time the following persons have held the office of water commissioner, one being selected by the trustees each year to fill a vacancy then occurring: Caleb W. Mitchell, 1873; Seymour Ainsworth, 1874; John W. Crane, 1875; Jerome Pitney, 1875; John T. Carr, 1876; Benjamin W. Clapp, 1877; Robert F. Knapp, 1877; Hiram Owen, 1878.

The board is at present composed of Seymour Ainsworth, John T. Carr, Benjamin W. Clapp, Jerome Pitney, and Hiram Owen. Samuel F. Corey is secretary to the board, Henry W. Keith is superintendent of the water-works, and David L. Holland engineer.

In the year 1870, after considerable agitation of the question of where the best water-supply for the village of Saratoga Springs could be obtained, the commissioners of construction decided to establish the Holly system of waterworks at Loughberry lake, the same which are still in use at that point, and from which the water-supply of Saratoga Springs is obtained.

These works are located in the northeast section of the village, within the corporate limits, and on the borders of Loughberry lake. The buildings are of brick. The main part - that in which the engines are located - is eighty feet square. The boiler-room is thirty by forty feet, the coal-shed forty feet square, and the chimney, which is octagonal in form, eighty-five feet high.

The system employed is that known as the Holly, whose manufacturing works are located at Lockport, N.Y. The distinguishing feature of this plan is that it throws the water directly into the pipes. A large double Holly engine is used in the works, having a capacity of one hundred and fifty horse-power. There are two large water-wheels, one sixty inch and one thirty inch, which are run by a thirty-foot head of water, the surplus water from the lake being used about one-third of the year to run the works, instead of steam. The variation in elevation of the streets of the village above the pumps is from forty-one to one hundred and thirty-three feet. There are twenty-six miles of pipe laid throughout the village, and one hundred and thirty-three double-nozzled hydrants. There are two hundred and ten gates in the various pipes. The water was formerly taken from the canal, but not proving satisfactory, pipes were laid to the middle of Loughberry lake, one hundred and fifty feet from the shore, and the water is taken twelve feet from the surface and eleven feet from the bottom of the lake.

The works were first set in motion on July 10, 1871, and cost $250,000. Since their establishment, a full supply of pure, wholesome water has been assured to the village. David L. Holland has been in charge of the works as engineer since they were started.

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Transcribed from the original text and html prepared by Bill Carr, last updated 2/7/00.